By Robert Freedman of UtilityDive
Federal regulatory changes impacting enforcement of on-site backup generator emissions are contributing to increased data center health risks, a report says.
Air pollution from data centers could increase healthcare costs by almost $21 billion by 2028, contributing to roughly 600,000 asthma cases and 1,300 premature deaths, says the Environmental Protection Network, a nonprofit whose members are former public officials who maintain an interest in environmental policy.
Much of the health risk is from federal regulatory changes made to help utilities meet data center energy demand, like expanding the use of coal and keeping coal and other combustion-based power plants online rather than phasing them out. But a portion of the risk is from regulatory changes that pave the way for data centers to maintain on-site backup power, EPN says in its Hidden Health Costs of AI Data Centers report.
“These engines and turbines can emit nitrogen oxides, smog-forming volatile organic compounds, and soot pollution,” the report says. “The combined generating capacity of a large generator or turbine fleet can rival that of a conventional power plant.”
In Virginia, the emissions from on-site generators emitting just 10% of the levels allowed under their air permits will contribute to some 14,000 asthma symptom cases, 13 to 19 premature deaths and $220 million to $300 million in annual public-health costs, says the report, drawing on estimates released earlier this year by researchers.
Several regulatory actions are helping to fuel risks from on-site generation, the report says:
Temporary turbine category. A rule the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency finalized earlier this year created a category of small and medium temporary turbines that can remain on site for up to two years with substantially reduced monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting requirements. “Those requirements matter not only for estimating pollution, but for determining whether equipment is operating as permitted and whether pollution limits are being met,” the report says. As a result of the rule, 89% more nitrogen oxide is expected to be released into the air annually than would have been the case under a more restrictive 2024 version of the rule that the Trump administration scrapped, the report says.
The report points to the high-profile lawsuit that was filed against xAI for its data center in Southaven, Mississippi. The dispute is over whether it received appropriate permits for its use of temporary or mobile on-site turbines to generate backup power. “The company and Mississippi regulators dispute that a permit was required,” the report says. “The dispute illustrates why clear permitting requirements and consistent enforcement become more important as equipment labeled ’backup, ‘temporary,’ or ‘mobile’ is used more extensively to supply power.”
Demand-response participation. An interpretive letter EPA released last year lets operators of on-site emergency backup generation use their generators to participate in utility demand-response programs. The report doesn’t mention that the letter is limited to on-site generators that operate within the jurisdiction of a local balancing authority. It “does not extend to Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) or Independent System Operators (ISOs),” an analysis by standby power compliance company BackupPower AI says.
Emergency generation. In another action that lets operators use their on-site generation at certain times, the U.S. Department of Energy earlier this year issued an emergency order authorizing the PJM Interconnection to use backup generation at data centers and other major facilities to help it manage demand. The order was issued in May, when parts of the Northeast and Midwest were going through a hot spell at the same time that many utilities within PJM’s jurisdiction were preparing planned outages for annual maintenance. “Their use during heat waves and other periods of grid stress adds smog-forming nitrogen oxides and fine-particle soot pollution at times when extreme heat and existing air pollution already place people at greater risk,” the report says.
The report lists 30 federal regulatory actions in all that it says risk increasing pollution from data centers, many of them easing rules on utilities and some easing rules on non-utility power plants — such as a rule exempting private power facilities from acid rain program permits, emissions requirements and standardized reporting requirements.
Tyler Durden Mon, 09/28/2026 - 19:15A heightened wave of federal immigration enforcement in southwest Kansas has sent a shockwave through the U.S. beef supply chain, causing severe processing plant slowdowns, stranding thousands of cattle at feedlots, and threatening to drive up consumer meat prices.
U.S. cattle slaughter plummeted 16% in one week to an estimated 90,000 head on Thursday, September 24, as fear of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) activity led to widespread workforce absenteeism. By Friday, slaughter numbers remained 14% below the previous week's levels, translating into millions of dollars in lost revenue for producers whose animals are suddenly backed up.
The disruptions are centered in the Kansas "Golden Triangle" of commercial beef packing, which encompasses Dodge City, Liberal, and Garden City. This rural region is home to massive facilities operated by Cargill, Tyson Foods, and National Beef. Collectively, these plants process roughly 24,000 head of cattle per day, representing more than 20% of daily U.S. fed-cattle slaughter capacity.
Agricultural groups, including the Kansas Livestock Association, Texas Cattle Feeders Association, and Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, warned that the unannounced enforcement actions are creating supply-chain chokepoints from feedyards to processors. In a joint statement, the organizations said the ICE presence has created a "massive chilling effect on the legal, documented, skilled workers that put beef on the table and keep the cattle supply chain moving."
The Department of Homeland Security has pushed back against characterizations of the sweeps as worksite raids. "ICE is not conducting worksite operations in Kansas," Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin said, adding that agents are targeting "heinous criminals including murderers, rapists, and drug traffickers and illegal aliens with final orders of removal." However, the heavy presence of federal agents near packing plants and in local communities has kept many of the region's agricultural workers at home.
Local officials from Dodge City, Garden City, and Liberal reported receiving no advance notice of the federal operation. "When ICE operates in Kansas, it needs to coordinate with our local law enforcement," said Sen. Roger Marshall, who along with fellow Kansas Republican Sen. Jerry Moran has pressed DHS on the operation. "Our community is a ghost town," Liberal's vice mayor told Reuters. "Businesses are not open because people are scared to leave their homes."
The labor shock arrives at a particularly sensitive time for the cattle market. Driven by prolonged drought, the U.S. cattle herd has shrunk to its smallest size in roughly 75 years. This historically tight physical market caused cattle futures to gyrate wildly this week as traders weighed the sudden loss of processing capacity against limited animal supplies. Texas Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller said ranchers are receiving $300 to $500 less per head for their cattle.
The situation presents a unique policy collision in Washington. The Trump administration has actively sought to lower historically high consumer beef prices by expanding access to imported meat and enacting other supply-side measures. However, the abrupt reduction in domestic processing capacity - triggered by the administration's own immigration enforcement push - directly undercuts those efforts.
As the backlog grows, market-ready animals are getting heavier at feedlots, piling up feed costs and creating animal welfare concerns. Industry groups warn that if the Kansas bottleneck persists, fewer cattle moving through packing plants will mean less beef on supermarket shelves - and higher prices at the meat counter.
Tyler Durden Mon, 09/28/2026 - 18:50